Understanding and Using Latin Adverbs

Understanding and Using Latin Adverbs Adverbs as Particles Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are called particles. Adverbs in Latin, as in English, modify other words in the sentence, especially verbs. Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs. In English, the ending -ly, added to an adjective, makes it easy to identify many adverbs: He walked slowly- where slowly modifies the word walked, and where slow is the adjective. In Latin, adverbs are mainly formed from adjectives and participles. Latin adverbs provide information in a sentence about manner, degree, cause, place, or time. Regular Formations of Adverbs From Adjectives In Latin, some adverbs are formed by adding an ending to an adjective. For first and second declension adjectives, a long -e replaces the ending. Instead of the adjective carus, -a, -um (dear), the adverb is care.To adjectives from the third declension, -ter is added. From the adjective fortis brave, the adverb form is fortiter.The neuter accusative of some adjectives is also the adverb. Multum many becomes multum much as an adverb.The formation of other adverbs is more complicated. Some Adverbs of Time quando? when?cum whentum thenmox presently, sooniam alreadydum whileiam pridem long agoprimum firstdeinde next afterhodie todayheri yesterdaynunc nowpostremo finallypostquam as soon asnumquam neversaepe oftencotidie every daynondum not yetcrebro frequentlypridie the day beforesemper alwaysumqam everdenique at last Adverbs of Place hic herehuc hitherhinc from hereibi thereeo thither, to thereillic therequo whitherunde whenceubi whereundique from everywhereibidem in the same placeeodem to the same placequovis anywhereusque all the way tointro inwardlynusquam nowhereporro further oncitro to this side Adverbs of Manner, Degree, or Cause quam how, astam soquamvis however muchmagis morepaene almostvalde greatlycur whyquare whyergo thereforepropterea because, on this accountita sosic sout as, howvix hardly Interrogative Particles whether: an, -ne, utrum, utrumne, numwhether not nonne, annonwhether at all numquid, ecquid Negative Particles not non, haud, minime, ne, neclest nenor neque, necnot only ... but also non modo ... verum/sed etiamnot only not ... but not even non modo ... sed ne ... quidemnot even ne ... quidemif not si minusso as not quo minus, quominuswhy not? quin Comparison of Adverbs To form the comparative of an adverb, take the neuter accusative of the adjectival form. clarus, clara, clarum, clear (adjective, m, f, and n)clarior, clarius, clearer (adjective in the comparative, m/f and n)clare, clearly (adverb)clarius, more clearly (adverb in the comparative) There are also irregular comparative forms. The superlative is formed from the superlative of the adjective, ending in -e. clarissimus, -a, -um, most clear (superlative adjective, m, f, and n)clarissime, most clearly (superlative adverb) Source Allen and Greenoughs New Latin Grammar